Given a value and a function in the Apply context, applies the function to the value.
Given a value and a function in the Apply context, applies the function to the value.
Combine two F[A] values.
Combine two F[A] values.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> SemigroupK[List].combineK(List(1, 2), List(3, 4)) res0: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4)
Given a type A, create an "empty" F[A] value.
Given a type A, create an "empty" F[A] value.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> MonoidK[List].empty[Long] res0: List[Long] = List()
pure
lifts any value into the Applicative Functor.
pure
lifts any value into the Applicative Functor.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> Applicative[Option].pure(10) res0: Option[Int] = Some(10)
Alias for productR.
Alias for productL.
Alias for ap.
Given a type A, create a concrete Monoid[F[A]].
Given a type A, create a concrete Monoid[F[A]].
ap2 is a binary version of ap, defined in terms of ap.
ap2 is a binary version of ap, defined in terms of ap.
Replaces the A
value in F[A]
with the supplied value.
Replaces the A
value in F[A]
with the supplied value.
Compose an Applicative[F]
and an Applicative[G]
into an
Applicative[λ[α => F[G[α]]]]
.
Compose an Applicative[F]
and an Applicative[G]
into an
Applicative[λ[α => F[G[α]]]]
.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> val alo = Applicative[List].compose[Option] scala> alo.pure(3) res0: List[Option[Int]] = List(Some(3)) scala> alo.product(List(None, Some(true), Some(false)), List(Some(2), None)) res1: List[Option[(Boolean, Int)]] = List(None, None, Some((true,2)), None, Some((false,2)), None)
"Compose" with a G[_]
type to form a SemigroupK
for λ[α => F[G[α]]]
.
"Compose" with a G[_]
type to form a SemigroupK
for λ[α => F[G[α]]]
.
Note that this universally works for any G
, because the "inner" structure
isn't considered when combining two instances.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> type ListOption[A] = List[Option[A]] scala> val s: SemigroupK[ListOption] = SemigroupK[List].compose[Option] scala> s.combineK(List(Some(1), None, Some(2)), List(Some(3), None)) res0: List[Option[Int]] = List(Some(1), None, Some(2), Some(3), None)
Compose an Applicative[F]
and a ContravariantMonoidal[G]
into a
ContravariantMonoidal[λ[α => F[G[α]]]]
.
Compose an Applicative[F]
and a ContravariantMonoidal[G]
into a
ContravariantMonoidal[λ[α => F[G[α]]]]
.
Example:
scala> import cats.kernel.Comparison scala> import cats.implicits._ // compares strings by alphabetical order scala> val alpha: Order[String] = Order[String] // compares strings by their length scala> val strLength: Order[String] = Order.by[String, Int](_.length) scala> val stringOrders: List[Order[String]] = List(alpha, strLength) // first comparison is with alpha order, second is with string length scala> stringOrders.map(o => o.comparison("abc", "de")) res0: List[Comparison] = List(LessThan, GreaterThan) scala> val le = Applicative[List].composeContravariantMonoidal[Order] // create Int orders that convert ints to strings and then use the string orders scala> val intOrders: List[Order[Int]] = le.contramap(stringOrders)(_.toString) // first comparison is with alpha order, second is with string length scala> intOrders.map(o => o.comparison(12, 3)) res1: List[Comparison] = List(LessThan, GreaterThan) // create the `product` of the string order list and the int order list // `p` contains a list of the following orders: // 1. (alpha comparison on strings followed by alpha comparison on ints) // 2. (alpha comparison on strings followed by length comparison on ints) // 3. (length comparison on strings followed by alpha comparison on ints) // 4. (length comparison on strings followed by length comparison on ints) scala> val p: List[Order[(String, Int)]] = le.product(stringOrders, intOrders) scala> p.map(o => o.comparison(("abc", 12), ("def", 3))) res2: List[Comparison] = List(LessThan, LessThan, LessThan, GreaterThan)
Alias for map, since map can't be injected as syntax if
the implementing type already had a built-in .map
method.
Alias for map, since map can't be injected as syntax if
the implementing type already had a built-in .map
method.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> val m: Map[Int, String] = Map(1 -> "hi", 2 -> "there", 3 -> "you") scala> m.fmap(_ ++ "!") res0: Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> hi!, 2 -> there!, 3 -> you!)
Tuple the values in fa with the result of applying a function with the value
Tuple the values in fa with the result of applying a function with the value
Return ().pure[F] if condition
is true, empty
otherwise
Return ().pure[F] if condition
is true, empty
otherwise
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> def even(i: Int): Option[String] = Alternative[Option].guard(i % 2 == 0).as("even") scala> even(2) res0: Option[String] = Some(even) scala> even(3) res1: Option[String] = None
Transform an F[A]
into an F[B]
by providing a transformation from A
to B
and one from B
to A
.
Transform an F[A]
into an F[B]
by providing a transformation from A
to B
and one from B
to A
.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> import scala.concurrent.duration._ scala> val durSemigroup: Semigroup[FiniteDuration] = | Invariant[Semigroup].imap(Semigroup[Long])(Duration.fromNanos)(_.toNanos) scala> durSemigroup.combine(2.seconds, 3.seconds) res1: FiniteDuration = 5 seconds
Lift a function f to operate on Functors
Lift a function f to operate on Functors
Applies the pure (binary) function f to the effectful values fa and fb.
Applies the pure (binary) function f to the effectful values fa and fb.
map2 can be seen as a binary version of cats.Functor#map.
Similar to map2 but uses Eval to allow for laziness in the F[B]
argument.
Similar to map2 but uses Eval to allow for laziness in the F[B]
argument. This can allow for "short-circuiting" of computations.
NOTE: the default implementation of map2Eval
does not short-circuit
computations. For data structures that can benefit from laziness, Apply
instances should override this method.
In the following example, x.map2(bomb)(_ + _)
would result in an error,
but map2Eval
"short-circuits" the computation. x
is None
and thus the
result of bomb
doesn't even need to be evaluated in order to determine
that the result of map2Eval
should be None
.
scala> import cats.{Eval, Later} scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> val bomb: Eval[Option[Int]] = Later(sys.error("boom")) scala> val x: Option[Int] = None scala> x.map2Eval(bomb)(_ + _).value res0: Option[Int] = None
point
lifts any value into a Monoidal Functor.
point
lifts any value into a Monoidal Functor.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> InvariantMonoidal[Option].point(10) res0: Option[Int] = Some(10)
Compose two actions, discarding any value produced by the second.
Compose two actions, discarding any value produced by the second.
Compose two actions, discarding any value produced by the first.
Compose two actions, discarding any value produced by the first.
Given fa
and n
, apply fa
n
times to construct an F[List[A]]
value.
Given fa
and n
, apply fa
n
times to construct an F[List[A]]
value.
Example:
scala> import cats.data.State scala> type Counter[A] = State[Int, A] scala> val getAndIncrement: Counter[Int] = State { i => (i + 1, i) } scala> val getAndIncrement5: Counter[List[Int]] = | Applicative[Counter].replicateA(5, getAndIncrement) scala> getAndIncrement5.run(0).value res0: (Int, List[Int]) = (5,List(0, 1, 2, 3, 4))
Separate the inner foldable values into the "lefts" and "rights"
Separate the inner foldable values into the "lefts" and "rights"
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> val l: List[Either[String, Int]] = List(Right(1), Left("error")) scala> Alternative[List].separate(l) res0: (List[String], List[Int]) = (List(error),List(1))
Tuples the A
value in F[A]
with the supplied B
value, with the B
value on the left.
Tuples the A
value in F[A]
with the supplied B
value, with the B
value on the left.
Tuples the A
value in F[A]
with the supplied B
value, with the B
value on the right.
Tuples the A
value in F[A]
with the supplied B
value, with the B
value on the right.
Returns an F[Unit]
value, equivalent with pure(())
.
Returns an F[Unit]
value, equivalent with pure(())
.
A useful shorthand, also allowing implementations to optimize the
returned reference (e.g. it can be a val
).
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> Applicative[Option].unit res0: Option[Unit] = Some(())
Fold over the inner structure to combine all of the values with our combine method inherited from MonoidK.
Fold over the inner structure to combine all of the values with our combine method inherited from MonoidK. The result is for us to accumulate all of the "interesting" values of the inner G, so if G is Option, we collect all the Some values, if G is Either, we collect all the Right values, etc.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> val x: List[Vector[Int]] = List(Vector(1, 2), Vector(3, 4)) scala> Alternative[List].unite(x) res0: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4)
Returns the given argument (mapped to Unit) if cond
is false
,
otherwise, unit lifted into F.
Returns the given argument (mapped to Unit) if cond
is false
,
otherwise, unit lifted into F.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> Applicative[List].unlessA(true)(List(1, 2, 3)) res0: List[Unit] = List(()) scala> Applicative[List].unlessA(false)(List(1, 2, 3)) res1: List[Unit] = List((), (), ()) scala> Applicative[List].unlessA(true)(List.empty[Int]) res2: List[Unit] = List(()) scala> Applicative[List].unlessA(false)(List.empty[Int]) res3: List[Unit] = List()
Empty the fa of the values, preserving the structure
Empty the fa of the values, preserving the structure
Returns the given argument (mapped to Unit) if cond
is true
, otherwise,
unit lifted into F.
Returns the given argument (mapped to Unit) if cond
is true
, otherwise,
unit lifted into F.
Example:
scala> import cats.implicits._ scala> Applicative[List].whenA(true)(List(1, 2, 3)) res0: List[Unit] = List((), (), ()) scala> Applicative[List].whenA(false)(List(1, 2, 3)) res1: List[Unit] = List(()) scala> Applicative[List].whenA(true)(List.empty[Int]) res2: List[Unit] = List() scala> Applicative[List].whenA(false)(List.empty[Int]) res3: List[Unit] = List(())
Lifts natural subtyping covariance of covariant Functors.
Lifts natural subtyping covariance of covariant Functors.
NOTE: In certain (perhaps contrived) situations that rely on universal
equality this can result in a ClassCastException
, because it is
implemented as a type cast. It could be implemented as map(identity)
, but
according to the functor laws, that should be equal to fa
, and a type
cast is often much more performant.
See this example
of widen
creating a ClassCastException
.